法律法规 检疫程序 基础知识 有害生物 检索系统 风险分析

您现在的位置主页 ->有害生物 ->大豆疫病菌

大豆疫病菌

学名  Phytophthora sojae Kaufm. & Gerd. [teleomorph]
异名  Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea T.L. Kuan & Erwin ;Phytophthora sojae f.sp. glycines Faris et al ;Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae Hildebr. [teleomorph]
英文名  root and stem rot of soybean ;phytophthora root and stem rot
分类地位  藻物界 Chromista,.卵菌门Oomycota ,卵菌纲Oomycetes,腐霉目Pythiales,腐霉科Pythiaceae,疫霉属Phytophthora
 

分布 | 寄主植物 | 危害情况 | 形态特征 | 生 物 学 | 传播途径 | 检疫与防治 | 图片

分布
日本(北海道、秋田、京都、山形、静冈)、俄罗斯(圣彼得堡)、匈牙利(塔皮欧塞莱)、德国、英国、法国、意大利、澳大利亚(昆士兰、新南威尔士)、新西兰、加拿大(安大略)、美国(阿拉巴马、阿肯色、加利福利尼亚、科罗拉多、特拉华、依阿华、伊利诺斯、印地安纳、堪萨斯、马萨诸塞、马里兰、密歇根、明尼苏达、密西西比、密苏里、新泽西、北卡罗来纳、弗吉尼亚、俄亥俄、南卡罗来纳、南达科塔、华盛顿、威斯康星)。

寄主植物
由于大豆疫霉菌寄生专化性很强,已知可侵染的有大豆(Glycine max)、羽扇豆属(Lupinus spp.)、菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris)、豌豆(Pisum sativum)。
危害情况
大豆疫病可以发生在大豆生育期的各个阶段,引起根腐、茎腐、植株矮化、枯萎和死亡。田间播种后,引起种子腐烂, 幼苗在出土前和出土后猝倒,出土后猝倒主要表现为主根变褐、变软、变色,扩展至下胚轴,子叶节下表皮开裂,形成环状剥皮斑,胚轴腐烂,植株死亡。在真叶期,被害幼苗茎部呈水渍状,叶片变黄,枯萎而死,成株期受害时往往在茎基部发病,出现黑褐色病斑,并向上不同程度地扩展至下部侧枝。田间调 查发现病斑可断续在茎部出现,有的病株感病节位可高达11-12节。病茎髓部变黑,皮层和维管束组织坏死,靠近病斑的叶柄基部变黑,凹陷,随即叶片下垂凋萎,但不脱落,受害植株最初下部叶片发黄,上部叶片很快失绿,随即整株枯死。田间调查中还观察到,较老的植株感 病后,病茎节位的部分豆荚可以受到侵染,最初在豆荚基部呈水渍状,逐渐往端部扩展,致使整个豆荚变褐干枯,潮湿时,荚皮出现黑色霉层,即为腐生菌二次感染。病荚里的种子也受到侵染,豆粒表皮失去光泽呈现淡褐色、褐色至黑褐色,皱缩干瘪,部分受害种子表皮因皱缩呈现出网纹,且豆粒体积明显变小。根部受害变成黑褐色,除根尖外,茎部、侧枝及主根通常形成坚硬的边缘不清的病痕。
形态特征
大豆疫霉菌在PDA培养基上生长缓慢,菌落形态均匀,气生菌丝致密,幼龄菌丝体无隔多核,分枝大多呈直角,在分枝基部稍有缢缩,菌体老化时产生隔膜,并形成结节状或不规则的菌丝体膨大,膨大呈球形,椭圆形,大小不等。菌丝体宽3-9um,可以产生厚垣孢子。本菌在利马豆培养基和自来水中可以形成大量孢子囊,孢囊梗单生,无限生长,多数不分枝,孢子囊顶生,倒梨形,顶部稍厚,乳突不明显,新孢子囊旧孢子囊内以层出方式形成,孢子囊不脱落,23-89umX17-52um,游动孢子在孢子囊里形成,卵形,一端或两端钝尖,具2根鞭毛,茸鞭朝前,尾鞭长度为茸鞭的4-5倍。此菌在胡萝卜或利马豆固体培养基上生长,一周后可大量产生卵孢子,为同宗配合。雄器侧生,偶有穿雄生,藏卵器壁薄,球形至扁球形,直径29-46um,一般在40um以下.。卵孢子球形,壁厚,光滑,有内壁和外壁,壁厚1-3um.卵孢子直径19-38um,卵孢子大小和孢子囊大小及乳突均受培养基和培养时间的影响而有所变化.

 生物学
在土壤相对含水量为40%、70%和90%的条件下,无论是常温还是低温保存一年后均有80%以上的卵孢子存活。在常温下的卵孢子,一般有2-3个月的休眠期,而6C下休眠期可延长至4个月以上,有的一年后仍处于休眠状态。大豆疫病以卵孢子在土中和病残体中越冬,当翌年温、湿度条件适宜时,卵孢子萌发,长出芽管发育成菌丝体和孢子囊,产生大量游动孢子,通过土壤中的水流传播,在种子和根渗出液的吸引下,聚积在这些部位并形成休止孢(encyst),然后萌发侵入寄主根部,病菌在根组织细胞间生长,以小球状或指状吸器伸入寄主细胞内吸取营养。根系受侵后,向上扩展蔓延至茎部和下部侧枝。当风雨病土颗粒吹落到叶面时,,也可侵染叶部,并向叶柄和部蔓延。孢子在病部产生,在水淹或渍水和土壤中产生大游动孢子并通过土壤中的水传播。菌丝体最适生长温度24-28C,最高35C,最低8C。此菌在胡萝卜或利马豆固体培养基上,生长1周后可大量产生卵孢子,为同宗配合。卵孢子大小和孢子囊大小及乳突均受培养基和培养时间的影响而有所变化。

传播途径
大豆疫病是典型的土传病害。Klein(1959)报道,在收获过程中发现混杂在种子样品中的土壤(粒)带有活的疫霉菌,病土是病原菌在田间传播的重要途径,孢子囊和游动孢子是田间传播的重要形式。大豆疫病卵孢子在土壤存活期的研究资料较少,有的资料报道可存活1年以上,据Schmitthenner报道,发病田休闲4年没有消除这种病原菌。大豆疫病罹病种子在病原菌传播尤其是远距离传播中可以起到重要作用,在成熟的种子里,病原菌呈休眠状态并具有活力。关于大豆疫病种子带菌的研究国外很少报道。周肇慧、严进的试验研究,证实大豆疫病种子带菌。
检疫与防治
检疫方法:
首先需进行常规的洗涤检验。但大豆霜霉病的卵孢子也可以产生在豆粒的表皮,卵孢子在种子上的数量往往很多,且肉眼也能见到一层灰白色霉层在豆粒表皮上。大豆霜霉病在我国东北地区常有发生,检验时必须严格区分疫霉菌和霜霉菌两种卵孢子。
大豆疫霉菌以卵孢子和菌丝体存在于种皮内部,种子检验时应检查种皮里是否带有疫霉菌卵孢子,其检验方法,是将豆粒放在10%KOH或自来水中浸泡一夜,取出后剩下种皮,在解剖镜下制片,然后在显微镜下检查,即可见到大豆疫霉卵孢子。大豆疫霉菌卵孢子的活性检查,可采用染色法,用0.05%MTT(噻唑兰)染色,在显微镜下观察卵孢子。被染上兰色的为休眠后可以萌发的卵孢子,玫瑰红色的表示处于休眠中的卵孢子,黑色的和未染上颜色的表示已死亡的卵孢子。
疫霉菌分离过程中,很容易受到细菌和其他真菌如镰刀菌、腐霉菌的染污而使疫霉生长受到抑制,现在一般分离病组织内的疫霉菌是采用PARP选择性培养基,即在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基中加入以下抗菌素和药剂,培养基中有效成份最终浓度为:匹马霉素10ppm,安比西林250ppm,利福霉素10ppm,五氯硝基苯100ppm,恶霜灵50ppm。
检疫措施:
一、处理方法
销毁
二、防治方法
1.栽培防治。栽培大豆避免种植在低洼、排水不良或重粘土,加强耕作,防止土壤板结,增加水的渗透性有利于减轻发病。避免连作,在发病田用不感病作物轮作4年以上可以减轻发病和田间损失。
2.抗病品种防治。据资料报道,栽培大豆不同品种对大豆疫霉菌的抗性差异很大,据此,国外大量开展了针对病菌小种进行抗性基因研究取得较大进展,并选育出许多抗病品种、高度耐病品种和低度耐病品种,在病区应当广泛推广抗病品种及耐病品种,避免使用感病品种。
3.化学防治。由于长期使作瑞毒霉会使疫霉菌产生抗性,以研究,彩杀毒矾-M,用量为种子重量的0.4%进行闷种,应用此种方法进行种子处理,防治效果较好。
4.生物防治。生物防治是大豆疫病防治中的新进展,据报道,美国密歇根州Filonow等用不同真菌和放线菌处理种子和土壤,得到较好的结果,这咱方法有待进一步在田间应用。
5. 综合防治。Schmitthenner经多年试验研究,提出两套综合防治措施:第一,栽培高度耐病品种与杀菌剂瑞毒霉处理土壤相结合,这种方法成高,土壤处理不太方便适用。第二套方案:栽培高度耐病品种,完全耕作、瓦管排水、轮作和杀菌剂瑞毒霉处理种子,以上两个综合防治的关键是采用高度耐病品种。

图 片
1.大豆疫病的藏卵器和卵孢子
2.大豆疫病: 菌丝直角分枝
3.大豆疫病: 人工接种为害状
4.大豆疫病放大的藏卵器和卵孢子
5.大豆疫病在PDA上,当菌丝老化时,形成结节状或不规则的菌丝体膨大
6.大豆疫病田间为害状
7.大豆疫病游动孢子囊
8.大豆疫病的游动孢子囊层出现象
9.大豆疫病用0.05%MTT测试卵孢子的存活(蓝色表示死亡,玫瑰色表示存活)

主要参考文献
1. Allen EH, Thomas CA, 1972. Antifungal polyacetylene compounds associated with Phytophthora resistance in safflower. Phytopathology, 62(6):667.
2. Anderson TR, 1987. Fungi isolated from stems and roots of soybean in Ontario. Canadian Plant Disease Survey, 67(1):3-5; 16 ref.
3. Anderson TR, Buzzell RI, 1982. Efficacy of metalaxyl in controlling Phytophthora root and stalk rot of soybean cultivars differing in field tolerance. Plant Disease, 66(12):1144-1145.
4. Anderson TR, Buzzell RI, 1992. Diversity and frequency of races of Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea in soybean fields in Essex County, Ontario, 1980-1989. Plant Disease, 76(6):587-589; 17 ref.
5. Anderson TR, Buzzell RI, 1992. Inheritance and linkage of the Rps7 gene for resistance to Phytophthora rot of soybean. Plant Disease, 76(9):958-959; 7 ref.
6. Aslam M, Majid K, Shahid M, Saleem A, 1994. Root rot of cabbage caused by Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. sojae Drechsler - a new record from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology, 6(2):155-156; 4 ref.
7. Athow KL, 1985. Phytophthora root rot of soybean. In: Shibles R, ed. Proceedings, World Soybean Research Conference III. Boulder, USA: Westview Press, 575-581.
8. Bhat RG, Olah AF, Schmitthenner AF, 1992. Characterization of universally avirulent strains of Phytophthora sojae.. Canadian Journal of Botany, 70(6):1175-1185; 57 ref.
9. Bhattacharyya MK, Ward EWB, 1987. Temperature-induced susceptibility of soybeans to Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea: phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and glyceollin in the host; growth and glyceollin I sensitivity of the pathogen. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 31(3):407-419.
10. Borner H, Schatz G, Grisebach H, 1983. Influence of the systemic fungicide metalaxyl on glyceollin accumulation in soybean infected with Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea. Physiological Plant Pathology, 23(1):145-152.
11. Buzzell RI, Anderson TR, 1992. Inheritance and race reaction of a new soybean Rps1 allele. Plant Disease, 76(6):600-601; 7 ref.
12. Buzzell RI, Anderson TA, Rennie BD, 1987. Harosoy Rps isolines. Soybean Genetics Newsletter, 14:79-81.
13. CABI/EPPO, 1998. Phytophthora sojae. Distribution Maps of Quarantine Pests for Europe No. 234. Wallingford, UK, CAB International.
14. Canaday CH, Schmitthenner AF, 1982. Isolating Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea from soil with a baiting method that minimizes Pythium contamination. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 14(1):67-68.
15. Carruthers FL, Shum-Thomas T, Conner AJ, Mahanty HK, 1995. The significance of antibiotic production by Pseudomonas aureofaciens PA147-2 for biological control of Phytophthora megasperma root rot of asparagus. Plant and Soil, 170(2):339-344; 23 ref.
16. Chevis HW, Stukely MJC, 1982. Mortalities of young established radiata pine associated with Phytophthora spp. in the Donnybrook Sunkland plantations in Western Australia. Australian Forestry, 45(3):193-200.
17. Cohen SD, 1984. Detection of mycelium and oospores of Phytophthora megasperma forma specialis glycinea by vital stains in soil. Mycologia, 76(1):34-39.
18. Diatloff A, Irwin JAG, Rose JL, 1983. Effects of systemic fungicidal seed dressings on the incidence of Phytophthora megasperma, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation in two soybean cultivars. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, 23(120):87-90.
19. Dirks VA, Anderson TR, Bolton EF, 1980. Effect of fertilizer and drain location on incidence of phytophthora rot in soybeans. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 2(3):179-183.
20. Duncan DR, Paxton JD, 1981. Trifluralin enhancement of Phytophthora root rot of soybean. Plant Disease, 65(5):435-436.
21. Ebel J, Grisebach H, 1988. Defense strategies of soybean against the fungus Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea: a molecular analysis. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 13(1):23-27.
22. Filonow AB, Lockwood JL, 1985. Evaluation of several actinomycetes and the fungus Hyphochytrium catenoides as biocontrol agents for Phytophthora root rot of soybean. Plant Disease, 69(12):1033-1036.
23. Graham TL, Kim JE, Graham MY, 1990. Role of constitutive isoflavone conjugates in the accumulation of glyceollin in soybean infected with Phytophthora megasperma. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 3(3):157-166.
24. Grau CR, 1985. Assessment and control of Phytophthora root and stem rot of soybean. In: Proc. Annu. Soybean Res. Conf. 15. Washington, D.C., USA: American Seed Trade Association, 54-65.
25. Gray LE, Pope RA, 1986. Influence of soil compaction on soybean stand yield, and Phytophthora root rot incidence. Agronomy Journal, 78(1):189-191.
26. Gupta JP, Erwin DC, Eckert JW, Zaki AI, 1985. Translocation of metalaxyl in soybean plants and control of stem rot caused by Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea. Phytopathology, 75(7):865-869.
27. Guy SO, Grau CR, Oplinger ES, 1989. Effect of temperature and soybean cultivar on metalaxyl efficacy against Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea.. Plant Disease, 73(3):236-239; 16 ref.
28. Guy SO, Oplinger ES, Grau CR, 1989. Soybean cultivar response to metalaxyl applied in furrow and as a seed treatment. Agronomy Journal, 81(3):529-532; 19 ref.
29. Hahn MG, Bonhoff A, Grisebach H, 1984. Quantitative localization of the phytoalexin glyceollin I in relation to fungal hyphae in soybean roots infected with Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea. Plant Physiology, 77(3):591-601.
30. Henry RN, Kirkpatrick TL, 1995. Two new races of Phytophthora sojae, causal agent of Phytophthora root and stem rot of soybean, identified from Arkansas soybean fields. Plant Disease, 79(10):1074; 1 ref.
31. Herr LJ, 1957. Factors affecting a root rot of soybeans incited by Phytophthora cactorum. Phytopathology, 47:15-16.
32. Hildebrand AA, 1959. A root and stalk rot of soybeans caused by Phytophthora megasperma Drechsler var. sojae var. nov. Can. J. Bot., 37:927-959.
33. Hsu SC, Lockwood JL, 1984. Biological control of Phytophthora root rot of soybean by Hyphochytrium catenoides in greenhouse tests. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift, 109(2):139-146.
34. IMI, 1996. Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, Map No. 726. Edition 1. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
35. Jimenez B, Lockwood JL, 1982. Germination of oospores of Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea in the presence of soil. Phytopathology, 72(6):662-666.
36. Keen NT, Holliday MJ, Yoshikawa M, 1982. Effects of glyphosate on glyceollin production and the expression of resistance to Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea in soybean. Phytopathology, 72(11):1467-1470.
37. Kilen TC, 1977. Genetic systems for control of Phytophthora rot of soybeans. In: Proc. Annu. Soybean Res. Conf. 7. Washington, D.C., USA: American Seed Trade Association, 9-15.
38. Kilen TC, Keeling BL, 1990. Gene frequency changes in soybean bulk populations exposed to Phytophthora rot. Crop Science, 30(3):575-578; 8 ref.
39. Kovics G, 1980. Identification in Hungary of Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae causing Phytophthora rot in soybean. Novenytermeles, 29(6):515-520.
40. Kovics G, 1981. Occurrence of Phytophthora rot of soybeans in Hungary. Acta Phytopathologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 16(1/2):129-132.
41. Kuan TL, Erwin DC, 1980. Formae speciales differentiation of Phytophthora megasperma isolates from soybean and alfalfa. Phytopathology, 70:333-338.
42. Laviolette FA, Athow KL, 1977. Three new physiologic races of Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae. Phytopathology, 67(2):267-268.
43. Lifshitz R, Simonson C, Scher FM, Kloepper JW, Rodrick-Semple C, Zaleska I, 1986. Effect of rhizobacteria on the severity of Phytophthora root rot of soybean. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 8(1):102-106; [4 tab.]; 10 ref.
44. Majid K, Aslam M, Saleem A, 1992. Root rot of chickpea caused by Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae Drechsler: a new record for Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology, 4(1-2):71; 3 ref.
45. McBlain BA, Hacker JK, Zimmerly MM, Schmitthenner AF, 1991. Tolerance to phytophthora rot in soybean: II. Evaluation of three tolerance screening methods. Crop Science, 31(6):1412-1417; 14 ref.
46. McGee DC, 1992. Soybean diseases: a reference source for seed technologists. Soybean diseases: a reference source for seed technologists., 151 pp.; many ref.
47. Michail SH, Abd El Rehim MA, Abu Elgasim EA, 1979. Seed health testing of soybean in Egypt. Acta Phytopathol. Acad. Sci. Hung., 14:371-377.
48. Olah AF, Schmitthenner AF, Walker AK, 1985. Glyceollin accumulation in soybean lines tolerant to Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea. Phytopathology, 75(5):542-546.
49. Rose JL, Irwin JAG, Ryley MJ, Langdon PW, Jenner LB, 1982. Reaction of soybean cultivars to races of Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea present in Queensland. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 33(5):763-771.
50. Ryley MJ, Obst NR, Stovold GE, 1991. A new race of Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea on soybean in Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology, 20(3):97-100; 19 ref.
51. Ryley MJ, Obst NR, 1992. Race-specific resistance in soybean cv. Davis to Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea.. Plant Disease, 76(7):665-668; 24 ref.
52. Schmitthenner AF, 1988. Phytophthora rot of soybean. In: Wyllie TD, Scott DH, eds. Soybean Diseases of the North Central Region. St. Paul., USA: American Phytopathological Society, 71-80.
53. Schmitthenner AF, Van Doren DM, 1985. Integrated control of root rot of soybean caused by Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea. In: Parker CA, Rovira AD, Moore KJ, Wong PTW, Kollmorgen JF, eds. Ecology and Management of Soilborne Plant Pathogens. St. Paul., USA: American Phytopathological Society, 263-266.
54. Sinclair JB, Backman PA, 1989. Compendium of Soybean Diseases, 3rd edition. St. Paul., USA: American Phytopathological Society.
55. Slusher RL, Sinclair JB, 1973. Development of Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae in soybean roots. Phytopathology, 63:1168-1171.
56. Tachibana H, 1983. Association of Phytophthora root rot of soybean with conservation tillage. Phytopathology, 73:844.
57. Tachibana H, Hatfield JD, Higley PM, 1983. Phytophthora megasperma var. glycinea suppressive soil of soybean. Phytopathology, 73:823.
58. Thomison PR, Thomas CA, Kenworthy WJ, McIntosh MS, 1988. Evidence of pathogen specificity in tolerance of soybean cultivars to Phytophthora rot. Crop Science, 28(4):714-715; 5 ref.
59. Tooley PW, Grau CR, 1984. The relationship between rate-reducing resistance to Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea and yield of soybean. Phytopathology, 74(10):1209-1216.
60. Tyler BM, Fster H, Coffey MD, 1995. Inheritance of avirulence factors and restriction fragment length polymorphism markers in outcrosses of the oomycete Phytophthora sojae. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 8(4):515-523; 36 ref.
61. Vaartaja O, Pitblado RE, Buzzell RI, Crawford LG, 1979. Chemical and biological control of Phytophthora root and stalk rot of soybean. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 59(2):307-311.
62. Walker AK, Schmitthenner AF, 1984. Heritability of tolerance to Phytophthora rot in soybean. Crop Science, 24(3):490-491.
63. Ward EWB, Lazarovits G, Stossel P, Barrie SD, Unwin CH, 1980. Glyceollin production associated with control of Phytophthora rot of soybeans by the systemic fungicide, metalaxyl. Phytopathology, 70(8):738-740.
64. Ward EWB, Cahill DM, Bhattacharyya MK, 1989. Abscisic acid suppression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and mRNA, and resistance of soybeans to Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea. Plant Physiology, 91(1):23-27; 23 ref.
65. Wehrmann VK, Fehr WR, Cianzio SR, 1988. Analysis of strategies for transfer of an allele for resistance to Phytophthora rot in soybean. Crop Science, 28(2):248-250; 8 ref.